definition - Gambling in the United Kingdom

Gambling Definition En Francais, riverboat casino myrtle beach sc, poker machine odds australia, poker ca la aparate american 2 gratis. In order not to be precluded by Articles 31 and 36 EEA, national legislation which establishes (1) that certain forms of gaming may only be offered by a State-owned gaming company which channels its profits to cultural and sports purposes, (2) that a licence to offer horserace betting may only be granted to non-profit organisations or companies whose aim is to support horse breeding, or (3.

1. Gambling is mentioned in the Quran, alongside drinking alcohol as an abomination, a sin, and a grave harm to mankind. It was made clear that prosperity does not come through gambling. Gambling, among many other things, causes families to break, societies to suffer, and the economy to deteriorate, damaging the ethical foundation of any decent.
2. Gambling is taking part in any game or activity in which you risk money or a valuable object in order to win money. A few examples include: Lotteries (Lotto 6/49®, Lotto Super 7®) Instant lotteries (7 chanceux®, other scratch cards).

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Gambling in the United Kingdom is regulated by the Gambling Commission on behalf of the government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) under the Gambling Act 2005. This Act of Parliament significantly updated the UK'sgambling laws, including the introduction of a new structure of protections for children and vulnerable adults, as well as bringing the burgeoning Internet gaming sector within British regulation for the first time.

Gambling forms

Bingo and casinos

The game of Bingo was popularised in the armed forces in the Second World War and brought back to Britain after the end. The Betting and Gaming Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees.

Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members-only. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10.

In part due to the difficulty of enforcing this, the Gaming Act 1968 liberalised the law, by allowing true commercial casinos. The first very popular game was Chemmy, popularized by the Clermont Club, in London.

The Gambling Act of 2005 paved the way for larger resort style casinos to be built, albeit in a controlled manner with one being built every few years until the Act is fully implemented. Many towns and cities bid to host one of these so-called 'super casinos', which will be similar to those found in Las Vegas. On 30 January 2007 Manchester was announced as the winning bid to be the location of the first 'super-casino'. The House of Lords urged on 29 March 2007 the Government to review plans for the massive 'super-casino' in Manchester. Instead it supported plans for 16 smaller casinos, including ones in Solihull and Wolverhampton.^[1] In 2008, Prime Minister Gordon Brown said that the Government would not be proceeding with the 'super-casino' in Manchester.

Gaming machines are divided into a number of categories, mainly depending upon the stakes and payouts involved.

Gambling on sports

Sports gambling has a long history in the United Kingdom, having been controlled for many decades, and more recently relaxed. The 1960 Act legalised off-course bookmakers. Pool betting on horses is a monopoly of the state-owned Tote.

There is a large market in the UK for gambling on competitive sports at bookmakers or licensed website, particularly for horse, greyhound racing and association football (soccer). The last of these also has an associated form of gambling known as the football pools, in which players win by correctly predicting the outcome of each week's matches.

Lottery

The UK's state-franchised lottery is known as the National Lottery, which was set up under government licence in 1993.

A statute of 1698 provided that in England lotteries were by default illegal unless specifically authorised by statute. An 1934 Act legalised small lotteries, which was further liberalised in 1956 and 1976. There could be no big national lottery until the Government established one, however.

Several games are run under this brand, including Lotto and Thunderball. As with other lotteries players choose a set of numbers, say 6 from 50, with six numbers then being drawn at random. Players win cash prizes depending on how many numbers they match.

The national lottery launched a pan-European 'super-lottery', called EuroMillions, in 2004. Currently 9 countries contribute.

In the UK the national lottery has so far raised several billions of pounds for Good Causes, a programme which distributes money via grants. 28% of lottery revenue goes towards the fund, along with all unclaimed prizes. Additionally, 12% goes to the state. The prize fund is 45% of revenue, with the remaining 15% going towards running costs and profits for the lottery organisers and ticket sellers.

In February 2011 the media tycoon Richard Desmond announced the launch of a new Health Lottery,^[2] the aim is for the Health Lottery to raise a minimum of £50 million each year for health related charities. Tickets will cost £1 each and 20.34p of every £1 will go to the charities involved.

The odds of specific combinations occurring in the UK national lottery are as follows:

Scratchcards

Scratchcards are a very popular form of gambling in the UK, due to their easy availability and cheap price. These are small pieces of card where an area has been covered by a substance that cannot be seen through, but can be scratched off. Under this area are concealed the items/pictures that must be 'found' in order to win.

Arcades

The Gambling Commission identifies 3 types of amusement arcades

• adult gaming centres (AGCs)
• licensed family entertainment centres (FECs)
• unlicensed FECs.

In 2009/2010 the FECs made up 81% of the arcade sector in gross gambling yield.^[3]

Remote gambling

Remote form of gambling is growing in popularity in the UK. According to the survey conducted by the Gambling Commission, as of March 2010, 10,7% of the 8,000 adults surveyed said they had participated in at least one form of remote gambling in the previous 4 weeks. In 2009 the figure was 10,5%, in 2008 – 7,2%, in 2007 – 8,8%, in 2006 – 7,2%. The major part of these gamblers was represented by those playing the National Lottery online. Upon their exclusion, the figures are 5,7%, 5,7%, 5,6% and 5,2% respectively.

All forms of online gambling are licensed by the Gambling Commission and therefore can be legally provided in the country. At the Commission's site anyone can find the details of both licensed operators and applicants for a license.

Gambling Definition En Francais Dictionnaire

Economic aspects

Income from gambling currently makes up a small part of the Economy of the United Kingdom.

The betting industry alone is reported to contribute £6 billion as of January 2010, 0.5% of GDP. Furthermore it employs over 100,000 people and generates £700 Million in taxes.^[4]

Notes

1. ^Birmingham Mail: Casino bid hit by Lords vote
2. ^The Health Lottery
3. ^Gambling Industry statistics 2009/2010
4. ^Deloitte: UK betting worth £6bn, 100,000 jobs

See also

References

External links

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gambling Definition En Francais Anglais

Problem gambling (ludomania) is an urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. The term is preferred to compulsive gambling among many professionals,^{[citation needed]} as few people described by the term experience true compulsions in the clinical sense of the word.^{[citation needed]} Problem gambling often is defined by whether harm is experienced by the gambler or others, rather than by the gambler's behavior. Severe problem gambling may be diagnosed as clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria. Although the term gambling addiction is common in the recovery movement^[1] pathological gambling is considered to be an impulse control disorder and is therefore not considered by the American Psychological Association to be an addiction.^[2]

Definition

Debate exists over how problem gambling should be defined.^[3] Research by governments in Australia led to a universal definition for that country which appears to be the only research based definition not to use diagnostic criteria.

Problem gambling is characterized by many difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or for the community.^[4]

Most other definitions of problem gambling can usually be simplified to any gambling that causes harm to the gambler or someone else in any way. However, these definitions are usually coupled with descriptions of the type of harm or the use of diagnostic criteria such as the South Oaks Gambling Screen,^[5] Canadian Problem Gambling Index^[6] or the Victorian Gambling Screen.^[7]

Pathological gambling

Extreme cases of problem gambling may cross over into the realm of mental disorders. Pathological gambling was recognized as a psychiatric disorder in the DSM-III, but the criteria were significantly reworked based on large-scale studies and statistical methods for the DSM-IV. As defined by American Psychiatric Association, pathological gambling is an impulse control disorder that is a chronic and progressive mental illness.

According to DSM-IV, Pathological gambling is now defined as separate from a manic episode. Only when the gambling occurs independent of other impulsive, mood, or thought disorders is it considered its own diagnosis. In order to be diagnosed, an indiviudal must have at least 5 (or more) of the following symptoms:

1. Preoccupation. The subject has frequent thoughts about gambling experiences, whether past, future, or fantasy.
2. Tolerance. As with drug tolerance, the subject requires larger or more frequent wagers to experience the same 'rush'.
3. Withdrawal. Restlessness or irritability associated with attempts to cease or reduce gambling.
4. Escape. The subject gambles to improve mood or escape problems.
5. Chasing. The subject tries to win back gambling losses with more gambling.
6. Lying. The subject tries to hide the extent of his or her gambling by lying to family, friends, or therapists.
7. Loss of control. The person has unsuccessfully attempted to reduce gambling.
8. Illegal acts. The person has broken the law in order to obtain gambling money or recover gambling losses. This may include acts of theft, embezzlement, fraud, or forgery.
9. Risked significant relationship. The person gambles despite risking or losing a relationship, job, or other significant opportunity.
10. Bailout. The person turns to family, friends, or another third party for financial assistance as a result of gambling.

As with many disorders, the DSM-IV definition of pathological gambling is widely accepted and used as a basis for research and clinical practice internationally.

Biological basis

According to the Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, recent evidence indicates that pathological gambling is an addiction similar to chemical addiction. It has been seen that some pathological gamblers have lower levels of norepinephrine than normal gamblers.

According to a study conducted by Alec Roy, M.D. formerly at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage.

Further to this, according to a report from the Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions there was an experiment constructed where test subjects were presented with situations where they could win, lose or break even in a casino-like environment. Subjects' reactions were measured using fMRI, a neuro-imaging technique very similar to MRI. And according to Hans Breiter, MD, co-director of the motivation and Emotion Neuroscience Centre at the Massachusetts General Hospital, 'Monetary reward in a gambling-like experiment produces brain activation very similar to that observed in a cocaine addict receiving an infusion of cocaine.'^{[citation needed]}

Deficiencies in serotonin might also contribute to compulsive behavior, including a gambling addiction.

Relation to other problems

Pathological gambling is similar to many other impulse control disorders such as kleptomania, pyromania, and trichotillomania. Other mental diseases that also exhibit impulse control disorder include such mental disorders as antisocial personality disorder, or schizophrenia.

According to evidence from both community- and clinic-based studies, individuals who have pathological gambling are highly likely to exhibit other psychiatric problems at the same time, including substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, or personality disorders.^[8]

As debts build up people turn to other sources of money such as theft, or the sale of drugs. A lot of this pressure comes from bookies or loan sharks that people rely on for capital to gamble with. Also, a gambler who does not receive treatment for pathological gambling when in his or her desperation phase may contemplate suicide.^[9]

Compulsive gambling is often very detrimental to personal relationships. In a 1991 study of relationships of American men, it was found that 10% of compulsive gamblers had been married three or more times. Only 2% of men who did not gamble were married more than twice.^[10]

Abuse is also common in homes where pathological gambling is present. Growing up in such a situation leads to improper emotionaldevelopment and increased risk of falling prey to problem gambling behavior.

Prevalence

Definition De Gambling En Francais

A study by the United Kingdom Gambling Commission, the 'British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007', found that approximately 0.6% of the adult population had problem gambling issues, the same percentage as in 1999. The highest prevalence of problem gambling was found among those who participated in spread betting (14.7%), fixed odds betting terminals (11.2%) and betting exchanges (9.8%).^[11]

Available research seems to indicate that problem gambling is an internal tendency, and that problem gamblers will tend to risk money on whatever game is available, rather than a particular game being available inducing problem gambling in otherwise 'normal' individuals. However, research also indicates that problem gamblers tend to risk money on fast-paced games. Thus a problem gambler is much more likely to lose a lot of money on roulette or slot machines, where rounds end quickly and there is a constant temptation to play again or increase bets, as opposed to a state lottery where the gambler must wait until the next drawing to see results.

Dopamine agonists, in particular pramipexole (Mirapex), have been implicated in the development of compulsive gambling and other excessive behavior patterns (e.g., PMID 16009751).

Assessment

The most common instrument used to screen for 'probable pathological gambling' behavior is the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) developed by Lesieur and Blume (1987) at the South Oaks Hospital in New York City. This screen is undoubtedly the most cited instrument in psychological research literature.^[12] In recent years the use of SOGS has declined due to a number of criticisms including that it over-estimates false positives.

The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria presented as a checklist is an alternative to SOGS, it focuses on the psychological motivations underpinning problem gambling and was developed by the American Psychiatric Association. It consists of ten diagnostic criteria. One screening measure based upon the DSM-IV criteria is the National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS). This measure is currently used frequently. The Canadian Problem Gambling Inventory (CPGI) is another newer assessment measure. The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) is composed of nine items from the longer CPGI. The PGSI focuses on the harms and consequences associated with problem gambling.

Treatment

Most treatment for problem gambling involves counselling, step-based programs, self-help, peer-support, medication, or a combination of these. However, no one treatment is considered to be most efficacious and no medications have been approved for the treatment of pathological gambling by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Gamblers Anonymous (GA) is a commonly used treatment for gambling problems. Modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, GA uses a 12-step model that emphasizes a mutual-support approach.

One form of counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce symptoms and gambling-related urges. This type of therapy focuses on the identification of gambling-related thought processes, mood and cognitive distortions that increase one’s vulnerability to out-of-control gambling. Additionally, CBT approaches frequently utilize skill-building techniques geared toward relapse prevention, assertiveness and gambling refusal, problem solving and reinforcement of gambling-inconsistent activities and interests.

There is evidence that the SSRIparoxetine is efficient in the treatment of pathological gambling.^[13] Additionally, for patients suffering from both pathological gambling and a comorbid bipolar spectrum condition, sustained release lithium has shown efficacy in a preliminary trial.^[14] The opiate antagonist drug nalmefene has also been trialled quite successfully for the treatment of compulsive gambling.

Voluntary exclusion

Some casinos and state lottery programs offer a Self/Voluntary Exclusion program. When a person signs up for one of these programs, they are effectivley banned from the casino, and will be arrested upon entry; in the case of a state lottery program, they are not permitted to cash out winnings, thereby removing the positive incentive to gamble. Once a person signs up for a Self Exclusion program, the ban is permanent.

Step-based programs

One step-based program for gambling issues is Gamblers Anonymous. Gambler's Anonymous uses a 12-step program adapted from Alcoholics Anonymous and also places an emphasis on peer support. Other step-based programs (some commercially operated) that are both specific to gambling and generic to addiction have also be used to treat problem gamblers.

Peer support

A growing method of treatment is peer support. With the advancement of online gambling, many gamblers experiencing issues use various online peer-support groups to aid their recovery. This protects their anonymity whilst allowing to attempt to self-recover often without having to disclose their issues to loved ones.

Self help

Research into self-help for problem gamblers has shown benefits.^[15]

See also

References

1. ^Gambling Addiction: The Problem, the Pain, and the Path to Recovery
2. ^Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling?
3. ^ UK Gambling Commission 2006. http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/UploadDocs/Contents/Documents/Gambling%20Commission%20problem%20gambling%20issues%20paper.pdf
4. ^ Gambling Research Australia (2005) Problem Gambling and Harm: Towards a National Definition http://www.gamblingresearch.org.au/CA256902000FE154/Lookup/GRA_Reports_Files1/$file/NatDefs_ExecSum.pdf
5. ^Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184-1181.
6. ^Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report. Canadian Center on Substance Abuse (CCSA).
7. ^Ben-Tovim. D., Esterman. A., Tolchard. B., & Battersby, M. (2001). The Victorian Gambling Screen: Project report. Melbourne: Victorian Research Panel.
8. ^Black DW, Shaw M (2008). 'Psychiatric Comorbidity Associated With Pathological Gambling'. Psychiatric Times25 (12). http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/impulse-control-disorders/article/10168/1342537.
9. ^High Stakes: Teens Gambling With Their Futures by Laura Paul
10. ^ 'Legalized Gambling; America's Bad Bet by John Eidsmoe
11. ^The British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007
12. ^(printable PDF version)
13. ^Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC, Zaninelli R (2002). [Expression error: Missing operand for > 'A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling']. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry63 (6): 501–507. PMID12088161.
14. ^Hollander E, Pallanti S, Allen A, Sood E, Baldini Rossi N (2005). [Expression error: Missing operand for > 'Does sustained release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders?']. American Journal of Psychiatry162 (1): 137–145. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.137. PMID15625212.
15. ^http://modelprograms.samhsa.gov/pdfs/promising/minimal-intervention-approach-to-problem-gambling.pdf

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